biblioteca

Emissão de GEE's no Sistema Alimentar

BELTRAN-PEÑA ET AL. GLOBAL FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN THE 21ST CENTURY UNDER SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURE. 2020 ENVIRON. RES. LETT. 15 095004.

Meeting the increasing global demand for agricultural products without depleting the limited resources of the planet is a major challenge that humanity is facing. Most studies on global food security do not make projections past the year 2050, just as climate change and increasing demand for food are expected to intensify. Moreover, past studies do not account for the water sustainability limits of irrigation expansion to presently rainfed areas. Here we perform an integrated assessment that considers a range of factors affecting future food production and demand throughout the 21st century. We evaluate the self-sufficiency of 165 countries under sustainability, middle-of-the-road, and business-as-usual scenarios considering changes in diet, population, agricultural intensification, and climate.

BETT, B ET AL. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES. PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE, VOL. 137, PART B, FEBRUARY 2017, P. 119-129.

The planet’s mean air and ocean temperatures have been rising over the last century because of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These changes have substantial effects on the epidemiology of infectious diseases. We describe direct and indirect processes linking climate change and infectious diseases in livestock with reference to specific case studies. Some of the studies are used to show a positive association between temperature and expansion of the geographical ranges of arthropod vectors (e.g. Culicoides imicola, which transmits bluetongue virus) while others are used to illustrate an opposite trend (e.g. tsetse flies that transmit a range of trypanosome parasites in sub-Saharan Africa).

FAO, 2011. SAVE FOOD: DEFINITIONAL FRAMEWORK OF FOOD LOSS. WORKING PAPER. ENERGY POLICY, VOL. 43, APRIL 2012, P. 184-190.

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions embodied in 61 different categories of food are used, with information on the diet of different groups of the population (omnivorous, vegetarian and vegan), to calculate the embodied GHG emissions in different dietary scenarios. We calculate that the embodied GHG content of the current UK food supply is 7.4 kg CO2e person−1 day−1, or 2.7 t CO2e person−1 y−1. This gives total food-related GHG emissions of 167 Mt CO2e (1 Mt=106 metric tonnes; CO2e being the mass of CO2 that would have the same global warming potential, when measured over 100 years, as a given mixture of greenhouse gases) for the entire UK population in 2009. This is 27% of total direct GHG emissions in the UK, or 19% of total GHG emissions from the UK, including those embodied in goods produced abroad. We calculate that potential GHG savings of 22% and 26% can be made by changing from the current UK-average diet to a vegetarian or vegan diet, respectively.

BOER, IJM ET AL. GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION: TOWARDS NA INTEGRATED LIFE CYCLE SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT. CURRENT OPNION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, VOL. 3, ISSUE 5, OCTOBER 2011, P. 423-431.

The animal food chain contributes significantly to emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). We explored studies that addressed options to mitigate GHG emissions in the animal production chain and concluded that most studies focused on production systems in developed countries and on a single GHG. They did not account for the complex interrelated effects on other GHGs or their relation with other aspects of sustainability, such as eutrophication, animal welfare, land use or food security. Current decisions on GHG mitigation in animal production, therefore, are hindered by the complexity and uncertainty of the combined effect of GHG mitigation options on climate change and their relation with other aspects of sustainability.

CRIPPA, M ET AL. FOOD SYSTEMS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR A THIRD OF GLOBAL ANTHROPOGENIC GHG EMISSIONS. NATURE FOOD 2, 2021, P. 198-209.

We have developed a new global food emissions database (EDGAR-FOOD) estimating greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, CH4, N2O, fluorinated gases) emissions for the years 1990–2015, building on the Emissions Database of Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), complemented with land use/land-use change emissions from the FAOSTAT emissions database. EDGAR-FOOD provides a complete and consistent database in time and space of GHG emissions from the global food system, from production to consumption, including processing, transport and packaging. It responds to the lack of detailed data for many countries by providing sectoral contributions to food-system emissions that are essential for the design of effective mitigation actions. In 2015, food-system emissions amounted to 18 Gt CO2 equivalent per year globally, representing 34% of total GHG emissions.

GARNETT, T. WHERE ARE THE BEST OPPORTUNITIES FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAZ EMISSIONS IN THE FOOD SYSTEM (INCLUDING THE FOOD CHAIN)? FOOD POLICY, VOL. 36, SUPPLEMENT 1, JANUARY 2011, P.523-532.

This paper reviews estimates of food related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the global, regional and national levels, highlighting both GHG-intensive stages in the food chain, and GHG-intensive food types. It examines approaches that have been proposed for mitigating emissions at each stage in the chain and looks at how these sit within wider discussions of sustainability. It finds that efficiency-focused technological measures, while important, may not only be insufficient in reducing GHGs to the level required but may also give rise to other environmental and ethical concerns. It gives evidence showing that in addition to technological mitigation it will also be necessary to shift patterns of consumption, and in particular away from diets rich in GHG-intensive meat and dairy foods.

HOOLOHAN, C ET AL. MITIGATING THE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS EMBODIED IN FOOD THROUGH REALISTIC CONSUMER CHOICES. ENERGY POLICY, VOL. 63, DECEMBER 2013, P.1065-1074.

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions embodied in 66 different food categories together with self-reported dietary information are used to show how consumer choices surrounding food might lead to reductions in food-related GHG emissions. The current UK-average diet is found to embody 8.8 kg CO2e person−1 day−1. This figure includes both food eaten and food wasted (post-purchase). By far the largest potential reduction in GHG emissions is achieved by eliminating meat from the diet (35% reduction), followed by changing from carbon-intensive lamb and beef to less carbon-intensive pork and chicken (18% reduction). Cutting out all avoidable waste delivers an emissions saving of 12%. Not eating foods grown in hot-houses or air-freighted to the UK offers a 5% reduction in emissions. We show how combinations of consumer actions can easily lead to reductions of 25% in food related GHG emissions.

OITA.; NAGANO, N.; MATSUDA, H. An IMPROVED METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING THE NITROGEN FOOTPRINT OF SEAFOOD. ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS, VOL. 60, JANUARY 2016, P. 1091-1103.

Human activities create more reactive nitrogen than is created through natural processes every year. The excess reactive nitrogen in the environment causes various negative effects including eutrophication, climate change, acidification, and human health problems. The sources of the excess nitrogen are mainly fertilizers and animal and human waste generated by food production and consumption. Therefore, our food choices have major effects on the nitrogen load to the environment. To quantify the load, a consumption-based accounting tool, called the nitrogen footprint, has been recently developed. In current nitrogen footprint models, seafood is calculated as a single category using the same simple assumptions as livestock. However, there is a variety of types and methods of production of seafood. In addition, world per capita consumption of seafood is projected to continue expanding.

SCHOTT, A.; WENZEL, H.; JANSEN, J.IDENTIFICATION OF DECISIVE FACTORS FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT – NA ANALYTICAL REVIEW. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION, VOL. 119, APRIL 2016, P. 13-24.

A review of existing life cycle assessments on food waste management was made with two main aims. Firstly, to make an overview of the assessments of the global warming potential from the treatment alternatives incineration, landfill, anaerobic digestion and compost in studies reported in literature. Secondly, to identify decisive factors in general and related to system boundary settings in particular, in reviewed studies. A number of criteria were constructed for identification of relevant comparative life cycle assessments, resulting in selection of nineteen studies, containing 103 different scenarios. The systematic investigation of the studies show examples of several methodological differences as well as choices in systems boundary setting causing misleading comparisons between different treatment options, but also large variations in used input data for modeling of similar processes.

TUBIELLO, F ET AL.GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM FOOD SYSTEMS: BUILDING THE EVIDENCE BASE. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTER, 16, 2021.

New estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the food system were developed at the country level, for the period 1990–2018, integrating data from crop and livestock production, on-farm energy use, land use and land use change, domestic food transport and food waste disposal. With these new country-level components in place, and by adding global and regional estimates of energy use in food supply chains, we estimate that total GHG emissions from the food system were about 16 CO2eq yr−1 in 2018, or one-third of the global anthropogenic total. Three quarters of these emissions, 13 Gt CO2eq yr−1, were generated either within the farm gate or in pre- and post-production activities, such as manufacturing, transport, processing, and waste disposal. The remainder was generated through land use change at the conversion boundaries of natural ecosystems to agricultural land.

VOCCIANTE, M ET AL. CO2 FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS OF CONSOLIDATED AND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN REMEDIATION ACTIVITIES. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION, VOL. 297, MAY 2021.

Effective remediation of contaminated soil requires selecting appropriate technology and adequate strategies. However, activities aimed at the remediation of contaminated sites or the treatment of effluents also have an environmental impact, since they make significant use of chemical products or processes.

In the present work, the potential application of different remediation approaches to a real problem of heavy metal contamination was studied by examining the consequences of their environmental impact through a Life Cycle Assessment (CO2 footprint analysis) procedure, with the aim of identifying the least impacting option from an environmental point of view.

VIEUX, F ET AL. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF SELF-SELECTED INDIVIDUAL DIETS IN FRANCE: CHANGING THE DIET STRUCTURE OR CONSUMING LESS? ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, VOL. 75, MARCH 2012, P. 91-101.

The aim was to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) associated with self-selected diets and to evaluate the impact of modifying dietary structures on diet-associated GHGE. Food consumption data from 1918 adults participating in the French national dietary survey and GHGE of 73 highly consumed foods (in g CO2e/100 g of edible food) were used to estimate the GHGE of each individual diet. The mean diet-associated GHGE was 4170 g CO2e/day and a high inter-individual variability was observed. When the total caloric intakes were reduced to meet the individual energy needs, the diet-associated GHGE decreased by either 10.7% or 2.4%, depending on the assumption made on the average physical activity level of the population.

WANG, E ET AL. GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION IN CHINESE AGRICULTURA: DISTINGUISHING TECHNOCAL AND ECONOMIC POTENTIALS. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, VOL. 26, MAY 2014, P. 53-62.

China is now the world’s biggest annual emitter of greenhouse gases with 7467 million tons (Mt) carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in 2005, with agriculture accounting for 11% of this total. As elsewhere, agricultural emissions mitigation policy in China faces a range of challenges due to the biophysical complexity and heterogeneity of farming systems, as well as other socioeconomic barriers. Existing research has contributed to improving our understanding of the technical potential of mitigation measures in this sector (i.e. what works). But for policy purposes it is important to convert these measures into a feasible economic potential, which provides a perspective on whether agricultural emissions reduction (measures) are low cost relative to mitigation measures and overall potential offered by other sectors of the economy. We develop a bottom-up marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) representing the cost of mitigation measures applicable in addition to business-as-usual agricultural practices.